Thursday, August 27, 2020

The Developement Of Civilization Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Developement Of Civilization Essay, Research Paper Blending to Webster? s Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, civilisation is? a nearly serious extent of social and mechanical turn of events, explicitly the period of social improvement at which making and the keeping up out of put down accounts is accomplished? . Different beginnings follow the hugeness of civilisation to political, monetary, military and cultural developments each piece great as the increased balanced and imaginative aspects of life ( Spielvogel, xxxi ) . Human advancement created as the emergencies of everyday life required change. As history headways, we study our days gone by in chase of guidance and other significant data to help us along the way. The study of civilisation other than plays as a specialist to delay us from multiplying past bloopers. Prior to late disclosures in East Africa, paleoanthropologists thought civilisation started in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley, every now and again alluded to as the prolific bow. In the twelvemonth 1959, Mary Leaky, originating from a regarded paleoanthropological family, found an about complete human like skull which dated back to before the dodos of any Southeast Asiatic disclosures. We will compose a custom paper test on The Developement Of Civilization Essay Research Paper or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In 1972, a crew drove by her kid Richard found the remaining parts of a skeleton more than 200,000 mature ages more seasoned ( Lerner,4-5 ) . These old individuals are known as Australopithecines and meandered through East and South Africa ( Spielvogel,3 ) The instruments of these individuals were truly unpleasant. They appear to hold been made for agrarian purposes. From this human like species, other than alluded to as Homo habilis, another gathering grew. They speak to the second period of human life and are called Homo erectus ( Lerner,6-7 ) . The disclosures in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley day of the month at about 1.5 million mature ages old. Transients from Africa, other than bit of the Homo erectus gathering, they started to utilize the utilization of bigger and progressively refined instruments ( Spielvogel,3 ) . They were non only truly advancing in their height, contrasted with the pigmy measured Homo habilis, yet had an expanded encephalon limit each piece great. It is taken from the dodos of these individuals that etymological correspondence may great hold started in this signifier of human ( Lerner,8 ) . They had amplified pits in the forepart of the cervix. Before long various sayings would spin out of control. These individuals, the Neandertal keeps an eye on, were other than portable. They followed the groups along their transient structures and accumulated other nutriment abiding to a great extent of workss and their foundations along the way. It is accepted that around 400,000 mature ages prior, Homo erectus figured out how to use fire ( Lerner,9 ) . They other than started to go farther separations, for the most punctual grounds of the wheel utilized in venture out was seen as in 35,000 BCE ( Calder,54 ) . There is clashing data concerning when the Homo erectus started growing into the Homo sapien. Some state it was in 28,000 BCE ( Lerner,9 ) , others state it was somewhere in the range of 18,000 and 13,000 BCE ( Spielvogel,3 ) . Realities would demonstrate to the prior mature ages, where the Sumerian city states, Egyptian Civilization ( especially the Old Kingdom ) , and cuneiform started to develop. ? Gatherings of individuals progressed past their old chasing confirmations at a pace of just a few detail mis for each coevals ( Spielvogel,3 ) . ? They started doing rainproof safe houses of their ain. With this new advancement in add-on to the find and use of fire, grown-up male had the option to venture out to atmospheres other than the sensibly comfortable states of Africa and Southeast Asia ( Calder,49 ) . A huge number of mature ages along these lines, in the middle of 9,000 and 8,000 BCE, grown-up male started to take its first stairss toward developing quicken creatures. In the nation of early Iran, work powers started swarming sheep and caprine creatures ( Lerner,16 ) . They other than figured out how to proceed with meat by using techniques for smoke, salting and drying, and in the colder climes, infrigidation ( Calder,56 ) . This would gracefully an exigency supplement stock in occasion their essential supplement starting was someway cut off. The significant work of agribusiness as a mainstay of life happened in around 10,000 BCE. This significant section from runing, array and essential grouping to agribusiness is known as the Neolithic Revolution ( Spielvogel,5 ) . The reason for this section was the moderate yet certain vanishing of the groups ( Lerner,14 ) . Man could no longer rely upon the supplement start of the transient huge number of wild vitalize creatures, nor on the small crowds they saved for themselves. The most punctual declaration of enduring settlement shows up in the nation of the ripe bow and its encompassing states ( Lerner,17 ) . History specialists, by the by, are non sure where the use of agribusiness initially turned into a thorough way of life. There are four essential parts where the relevant proof of this inactive way of life took fasten, their being the Near East, southern Asia, western Africa, and the in the middle of Americas. There is no vulnerability, however, that the entry to agribusines s made grown-up male settle down, along these lines making the roots for what we call civilisation. It was this modification that made way for the developing and advancement of metropoliss and their ain separate civic establishments ( Calder,59 ) . The start of metropoliss was started by the developing of the modest communities that preceded them. In the early periods of unassuming community life, there were wherever from 100 to 1,000 inhabitants. The biggest humble communities held up to 5,000 residents, approaching the size of the littler metropoliss of the great beyond ( Lerner,18 ) . For the clasp being, all things considered, these constitutions stood mainly as weapons to secure the cultivating zones and the riches they held. Before long, those populating inside the modest community networks started holding trim clasp on their authorities. The entirety of the old occupations had been involved, and unchanging advancement of fresher and better instruments made them progressively proficient. New and various exchanges started to take land. Among these were more grounded models for craftsmanship, confidence, and political relations. With the solid advancement of agribusiness, there came the interest for better rural devices, vass for supplement stockpiling, and tough housing for inhabitants. Up popped the craftsmans. They made a wide range of invaluable apparatuses for the utilization of their kin. Earthenware and container weaving turned into a major exchange. The containers made by these experts were of import for travel and capacity of agrarian each piece great as different merchandise ( Lerner,19 ) . They permitted a superior utilization of boundless, and were a solace in ordinary employments. The individuals who were astute and had involvement with the field started growing better devices for seting and gather home, doing the occupation faster and simpler. This gave husbandmans progressively trim clasp to build up their intellectual ability through arranged redirection. Craftsmen started fabricating progressively weatherproof housing. Sanctuaries were not, at this point made of only coverings and foliages, which the moving people of past had required. They were enduring asylums, some executing essential signifiers of insularity. They became fastnesss for the families they held. This advancement began to pass on a closer essentialness to family life than there had been before. Those in the house would hold normal taking care of and life quarters, imparted to a couple of decision individuals rather than the entire society. It carried an inborn centrality to close connections, pressuring grown-up male to do a separation among spot and work. This is another way where the limits of intellectual ability expanded during the Neolithic Revolution. Religion arranged with political relations during circumstances such as the present. It appears that grown-up male has scrutinized his aim on the Earth since inferring generally enormous intellectual ability. Man had been venerating army Gods for 1000s of mature ages, the constitution of unassuming community simply gave them fellowship and clasp sufficient to bite over together and make one, strong idea to divide among themselves. This confidence would without a doubt be polished all through the unassuming community. Models and assertions of a profound pioneer would arrange a way of life for the locals. He would ordinarily be the smartest in character and individual intrigue and would move as an image of good life. It is my conviction that the most punctual strict/political pioneers were the individuals who made a composed semantic correspondence. After that underlying imaginative movement, the composed content would change to suit the requests of the individuals, whatever they were. The political or otherworldly pioneer would much of the time have the option to do the enormous conclusions about who was correct and who was non. He would have the option to demonstrate a finger and toss out an individual from the network for their terrible representations. In all likeliness, he would make up ones brain who was best for what occupation, and could designate the tonss of those in his open. With the expansion of these developments, political and profound, grown-up male had taken another measure toward civilisation. Along these lines, work powers had worked for themselves a decent base whereupon metropoliss could create. Exchange between these rapidly turning towns. Bargain was going a way of life. This would be no troublesome endeavor. Man previously had creatures of burden, wheeled trucks and vass in which to move their product with ease of movement. The interest for supplement was more prominent than ever, and both neglected discernment and achievements of army interchange networks and natural variables were cause for attack and plunder. A few networks decided to take supplement and other loved focuses from humble communities since they did non hold the building, land, figure of laborers to make so for themselves. Some of the time starvation played a capacity in the theft of these build up

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Medieval Manuscripts And Modern Media

The historical backdrop of composed writing is long and intriguing; in Medieval occasions, original copies were made in an arduous and costly procedure of utilizing creature skins for pages, plume plumes for pens and hued inks to make wonderful books of scriptures and different strict writings. The abstract culture of medieval occasions was altogether different than today; since books were uncommon and proficiency was low, writings were gone on orally through perusing or memory (Mary Swan, 2003). Original copies were tremendously costly and the composition journalists were cultivated craftsmen and for the most part priests who created their work in the orders. A commonplace medieval original copy started its life as an extended and treated creature skin (material). Next, a framework was portrayed at that point wrote utilizing a plume of the highest caliber. The ink was made of metal nerve (normally iron), or oxide, which was a blend of tannic acids with coppers and thickened with gum Arabic. The primary fixing was oak apple, got from the leaves and twigs of an oak tree (Diane Victoria Horn, 1997). This blend of ink containing acids really carved the material and the colors of ink filled in the etchings and could be reapplied after some time to keep the composition in immaculate condition. Next, gold leaf was applied and shined, trailed by the duplicating of the content by recorders. The last to be included were the beautifications and delineations, which were detailed. At long last, the book was bound, the materials sewn by hand and secured with wood, for example, debris or beech or oak. The creation of a composition could take anyplace between days (on account of an expert recorder paid by the activity) or years (on account of priests, who had different commitments and written books when obligations were finished). In view of the measure of time and care required to make an original copy, also the work of profoundly talented craftsmans and recorders, compositions were restrictively costly to purchase and were to a great extent limited to chapel special raised areas. Books of scriptures were the most duplicated original copies, and in the long run places of worship took a personal stake in showing nobles and their kids to peruse, utilizing these compositions. The original copies bore no date of fruition, nor the names of the men who made them (Horn). In medieval composition culture, inventiveness of content was not the point of the copyists as it is today with contemporary creators. The copyists just made duplicates, adorning them with the enrichments and content of their way of life and time (Swan). In contrast to today, assortments of books were unbelievable as far as the general people. The chapels ensured the original copies, even as they are today, in exhibition halls, church buildings and the Vatican. These inestimable fortunes bear the expertise and commitment of art and ability by the individuals who made them. Taking a gander at a unique original copy, one is awed by the consideration and level of mastery clear in the pages of expand improvements. We will presently push ahead so as to early large scale manufacturing of books, which started in the sixteenth century when the codex supplanted the roll and book printing and restricting was moved from houses of worship and religious communities to colleges and later business distributers (David Fernando, 2002). Where in medieval occasions original copy ties were luxuriously designed with ivory, valuable diamonds and gold, resulting books were calfskin bound and enlivened with stamp emblazoning and gold leaf. As book creation expanded, the utilization of fabric supplanted that of material, and paper later supplanted material. In present day times, bookbinding mirrors the workmanship and engineering of the time; books are still hand-bound and over the top expensive, requiring these releases to be securely put away to forestall harm. Many hand-made books are utilized as diaries, with hand-bound clear pages contained inside cowhide or enhanced wood covers. In moving to the 21st century, we currently discover books promptly accessible requiring little to no effort. The present culture is pulled in to books by writer and kind, and a book starts as a choice by a distributer to print it. The utilization of advanced innovation to replicate books gives them a quick dissemination and the work of art utilized is wide and changed relying on the publisher’s choices. A unique composition is gotten through the procedure of altering and wrapping up. Put away electronically and fit to be printed, in a technique called balance printing. Today’s books require a specific measure of care and editing before going to print, and as an unmistakable difference to compositions of old, writings are presently furiously ensured under copyright laws and inventiveness is basic to deals. With the approach of computerized writings, digital books, and soft cover duplicates, books are to a great extent underestimated and took care of recklessly regardless of craftsmanship. What was a once adored as prohibited area to be dealt with affectionately and cautiously is currently so much a piece of regular day to day existence that books are parted with, offered to used book shops, disposed of effectively or gave to libraries and schools. Likewise with numerous advanced things, books have made the progress from having a place with the couple of to the many, and what was once saved for genuine investigation is presently utilized for everything from figuring out how to diversion. References Ferdinando, David, â€Å"Book Binding Trade.† Ferdinando Family History Site. December 2002, 25 November 2005 http://www.ferdinando.org.uk/book_binding.htm#manuf%20today Horn, Diane Victoria. â€Å"Leaves Of Gold: How Medieval Manuscripts Were Made.† 2000 †2002. Philadelphia Museum Of Art. 26 November 2005 Swan, Mary. College of Leeds. â€Å"Medieval Manuscript Culture.† The Literary Encyclopedia.â 4 Sep. 2003. The Literary Dictionary Company.â 27 November 2005. http://www.litencyc.com/php/stopics.php?rec=true&UID=1324  Â

Friday, August 21, 2020

Five Schools of Thought free essay sample

These ways of thinking incorporate structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, Gestalt brain science and therapy. Structuralism is the way of thinking that as indicated by Cherryâ â (2014), â€Å"Structuralism was the main school of brain research and concentrated on separating mental procedures into the most fundamental components† (Structuralism). Functionalism was impacted by crafted by William James and it is a type of reaction for structuralism. Cherry (2014), â€Å"The term behaviorism alludes to the school of brain research established by John B. Watson dependent on the conviction that practices can be estimated, prepared, and changed. Be that as it may, Gestalt brain research focuses basically on human conduct and psyche as one entire also, analysis was first settled by Sigmund Freud generally known for the Id, Ego and Superego. Structuralism was first settled by a German Psychologist named William Wundt Structuralism was the primary way of thinking in brain science, structuralism is the investigation of another part of cognizance. A case of structuralism is portraying an involvement with a specific spot as giving nitty gritty models like the recreation center was breezy, cold, and quieting. In any case, Functionalism, not at all like structuralism was framed as a reaction to structuralism. Functionalism was affected by crafted by William James and Charles Darwin’s developmental hypothesis (Cherry,â 2014). Functionalism concentrated on the reason for awareness and conduct instead of the segments of the cognizance (Cherry, 2014). Functionalism affected brain science as much as structuralism did just as changed the importance of the instructive framework. The dad of brain research previously established the school of behaviorism, John B. Watson and as indicated by Cherry (2014),The term behaviorism alludes to the school of brain research established by John B. Watson dependent on the conviction that practices can be estimated, prepared, and changed† (Answer). Behaviorism is found out through molding and molding happens when there is a cooperation with the earth. Notwithstanding, there are two sorts of molding the first is traditional molding and the subsequent one is operant molding. At the point when you consider old style molding the main thing that rings a bell is Ivan Pavlov and his pooches salivating he utilized traditional molding and that is the point at which an upgrade For the situation of Pavlovs tests is the meat is matched with a reaction that would take the canine to salivate. What's more, Cherryâ â (2014), â€Å"Operant molding (once in a while alluded to as instrumental molding) is a procedure of discovering that happens through remunerations and disciplines for conduct. The primary ideas of operant molding are fortification and discipline; Cherryâ (2014), â€Å"Positive fortifications are ideal occasions or results that are introduced after the behavior† (Components of Operant Conditioning). With an uplifting feedback the conduct becomes more grounded in light of the fact that a prize or a conduct is acclaimed, in any case, a negative support is when something is expelled when something negative is done for this situation the reaction is additionally reinforce by evacuating something that isn't sure for the conduct. Additionally, the second idea of operant condition is a discipline; Cherryâ (2014), Punishment, then again, is the introduction of an unfavorable occasion or result that causes a lessening in the conduct it follows. There are two sorts of discipline, positive discipline and negative discipline. Positive discipline is the point at which an unpleasant impact is utilized to debilitate a reaction and negative discipline happen when something is expelled from a positive occasion or result exists. Operant molding can be utilized with kids the most and youthful adolescents this school of brain research till this day is utilized to form conduct. In continuation, we will talk about what Gestalt brain research and therapy is. The Gestalt brain research of school has to do with taking a gander at things as one entire rather on exclusively. Therapy way of thinking was first raised by, Sigmund Freud. This way of thinking is a lot of both mental and psychotherapeutic speculations. Therapy comprises of seven terms, which are the contextual investigation, the cognizant, guard component, conscience, Id, super self image, and the oblivious. Its topic is psychopathology, or unusual conduct, generally ignored by different ways of thinking. (Schultz, 2012,) â€Å"Its essential strategy is clinical perception as opposed to controlled lab experimentation. Also, analysis manages the oblivious, a theme for all intents and purposes disregarded by different frameworks of thought. Analysis has opened another way to dysfunctional behavior and when conversing with an expert about issues or issues, helps remove certain side effects of any mental destruction. In the event that quite a while from now have cruised by, the way of thinking, I will think about behaviorism as my way of thinking. The purpose behind this decision is on the grounds that my accentuation is youngster improvement and kids constantly will in general have conduct issues and I might want to assist them with embellishment their practices into positive conduct. Fortification and discipline can generally be utilized to shape a kid even an adolescent, simply realizing that moving certain practices and upholding them with uplifting feedback will change a child’s conduct. Taking everything into account, the extent that all the ways of thinking they have all had their significance in aiding in today’s brain science from working with kids to older individuals. The Five Schools of Thought, for example, Behaviorism, Psychoanalysis, Functionalism, Structuralism and Gestalts brain science will consistently be utilized in the brain research field all of the schools has exhibited procedures that are successful with individuals.

Tuesday, May 26, 2020

The Biggest Myth About Term Papers Writing Services to Avoid Exposed

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Friday, May 15, 2020

Movie Review Happy Gilmore - 1606 Words

The movie â€Å"Happy Gilmore† is about a hard-working hockey player who becomes a professional golfer after realizing his talents in golf and in order to earn money to buy back his grandmother’s house that had been repossessed by the IRS. â€Å"Happy Gilmoreâ€Å" although a comedic movie, can be analyzed and related to specific psychological concepts. â€Å"Happy Gilmore† exemplifies the frustration- aggression principle as Happy misses his shots, Shooter McGavin demonstrates a narcissistic personality disorder throughout the movie, and finally, Happy exhibits social facilitation as he performs better in the presence and support of a cheering crowd. Ever since the beginning of â€Å"Happy Gilmore†, Happy has trouble controlling his actions in times of anger.†¦show more content†¦In psychology terms, this is called the frustration- aggression principle. The frustration- aggression principle explains that as someone experiences frustration, they create anger within themselves which then can result in aggressive actions if there is a lack of self control (Myers 2011, p. 673). In Happy’s case, he came frustrated by various things including his relationship, failure in hockey, and his inability to initially save his grandmother’s house. This frustration turned into anger which then spiraled into aggressive events after he realized that he was incapable of immediately fixing his problems. However, the frustration- aggression principle does not promise aggressive actions after every frustration. Depending on the individual and even the temperature, individuals respond to their frustrations in different ways. During hotter temperatures, people react on their aggression more frequently than during colder temperatures (Myers 2011, p. 673). This directly relates to Happy, because although Happy is a naturally aggressive person, Happy is out golfing in the summer heat for most of the entire movie. Being out in the hot temperatures may not have caused the aggressive actions, but the temperature may have assisted in Happy’s decision to act out on his anger every time he became frustrated. Also, Happy may have developed his aggressive tendencies because of a lack of parenting.Show MoreRelatedMarketing , Customer values and the Interrelationship Between them1456 Words   |  6 Pagescustomers the best experience whilst the whole screening of the movie (Village Cinemas, 2013). The concept of marketing has constantly been evolving over the past years that there is no specific and precise way to define marketing. Thus, many different marketing definitions emerged and challenged other marketing perspectives. The first official marketing definition was developed by the American Marketing Association (AMA) (Gamble, Gilmore, McCartan-Quinn Durkan, 2011). The AMA (1960, as cited in KotlerRead MoreSubway Is Testing A New Rebranding Campaign1476 Words   |  6 Pagesrestaurants are located in schools, malls, gas stations, airports and even zoos. In 1995, the Subway began its journey towards becoming a major supporter of motorsports. In 1996, www.subway.com was launched and was featured multiple times in the movie â€Å"Happy Gilmore† (3). In 1999, an article was written about an overweight college student who lost a large amount of weight eating nothing but Subway sandwiches (1). A Chicago based Subway location picked up the weight loss story and ran the first televisedRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 †¢ Management Roles 6 †¢ Management Skills 8 †¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 †¢ A Review of the Manager’s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 Complementing Intuition with Systematic Study 11 Disciplines That Contribute to the OB Field 13 Psychology 14 †¢ Social Psychology 14 †¢ Sociology 14 †¢ Anthropology 14 There Are Few Absolutes inRead MoreThe Five Dysfunctions of a Team a Leadership Fable46009 Words   |  185 Pagesreasoned. So in spite of her talent and accomplishments, it was no surprise to Kathryn that Mikey was the least popular among the rest of the staff. With the possible exception of Martin. MARTIN—CHIEF TECHNOLOGIST A founder of the company, Martin Gilmore was the closest thing that DecisionTech had to an inventor. He had designed the original specs for the company’s ï ¬â€šagship product, and although others had done much of the actual product development, the executives often said that Martin was theRead MoreMarketing Communication in the Hospitality Industry34407 Words   |  138 Pagesbrands, and form fellowship both inside and outside the organization. Gabriel (2000, p.1) explains that: â€Å"Good stories are valuable; they can hardly be mass produced.† People can easier tie themselves to stories. One example is ICA’s advertising movie that is delivered as a real life story and that has gained large success. Mossberg and Nissen- Johansen (2006) argue that storytelling has become a utilized concept, especially in the field of service marketing. Grà ¶nroos (2000) explains that theRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesMikael Andersson/Nordic Photos/Getty Images; Figure 2.3  © Sean Justice/The Image Bank/ Getty Images; Figure 2.4  © Bruce Hands/Stone/Getty Images; 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5 based on Human relations: rare, medium, or well-done? in Harvard Business Review Vol. 26 No. 1 Harvard Business School Publishing (Roethlisberger, F. J. 1948); Figure 3.6 Courtesy of ATT Archives and History Center, Warren, NJ; Figure 4.1 The Trustees of the Imperial War Museum, London; Figure 4.2 adapted from Performance evaluation

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Is Corporal Punishment A Common Parenting Approach

1. Provide a brief overview of the topic. Why do you think the speaker chose to focus on this topic? I believe the speaker chose to focus on this topic because it seems as if corporal punishment is a common parenting approach, with over 70% of families participating. The speaker wants to introduce and convince families to a better parenting style. Holden presents a paradoxical argument that the way to empower children and parents is to disempower parents. He touches on the subject of corporal punishment and its unintended side effects. He transitions from speaking about a â€Å"traditional† parenting orientation, to what he considers a better option, â€Å"positive† parenting. He goes into further detail in regard to the lite and strong version of â€Å"positive† parenting and its core practices. 2. What were the speaker’s primary talking points? (Describe at least three major ideas that the speaker focused on in his/her talk?) Primarily, Holden focused on discrediting the traditional parenting approach by speaking on unsearched, negative effects of spanking children, considering the approach to be parent-based, and using negative connotations with words such a slapping and physical-abuse. Secondly, he spoke on the â€Å"revolution of positive parenting†. He considers this approach to be empowering for children and better for families. He lightly touches on the negative of effects of this parenting and how unstudied it is, but continues to elaborate on how â€Å"promising† it is. In closing,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Corporal Punishment On Children932 Words   |  4 PagesChildren and Corporal Punishment Punishing children has been one of the most controversial parenting topics this generation has seen. Physical punishment or corporal punishment is simple defined as the use of physical force with the purpose of initiating pain, but not wound, to teach the proper behavior of a child. Corporal punishment has been used for many centuries in schools and in homes but the use of such techniques have since decreased and are not being used in many places today. EvidenceRead MoreThe Laws Regarding Corporal Punishment1704 Words   |  7 PagesStraus (2001) defined corporal punishment as an act carried out with the intention of causing a child to experience physical pain, but not injury, for purposes of correction or control (as cited in Straus Paschall, 2009, p.459). Two of the most prominent and widespread kinds of corporal punishment include slapping and spanking (Straus Paschall, 2009, p. 459-460). This paper will analyze the laws regarding corporal punishment in many countries, the d evelopmental theories such as the behavioralRead MoreNegative Effects Of Corporal Punishment1843 Words   |  8 PagesIt is a common enough scene, something you have probably experienced with your own children countless times. They are being loud, fighting, or just generally doing something they are not supposed to be doing. So you spank them. Maybe even yell. You’re frustrated, at your whit’s end. You just want them to stop, want them to learn and make better choices. Only, after spanking them, their behavior worsens. The effect you thought spanking them would have is not working. They act out more, get more aggressiveRead MoreAn Interesting Approach to Parenting in To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee716 Words   |  3 Pages In the novel To Kill a mockingbird by Harper Lee, Atticus Finch takes an interesting approach(compared to other means in the era) to parenting his mischievous children, Jem and Scout Finch. Such methods include; never sheltering anything by alw ays being honest, allowance of free will, and the lack of corporal punishment. Since these characters drive the plot, it is clear that the course of events is only possible with Atticus’s influence. In the 1930’s, and definitely still today, parents willRead MoreSpanking A Child Is Wrong And Harmful1413 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscipline, mild discipline, or no discipline at all. No matter how a parent disciplines their children, there will be complications in a home, but when parents can no longer be â€Å"parents† due to others trying to step in and control their style of parenting, that is where a problem comes up. There are people who think that spanking a child is wrong and harmful to the child, and will harm the child psychologically as well. There are people who believe that the only way to influence good behavior is toRead MoreDevelopment of Antisocial Behavior in Children Essay1819 Words   |  8 Pagesopportunities. Besides all the good impact parents have on their children, depending on the the parenting style, parents may establish behavioral problems such as internalizing problems (anxiety, depression) and externalizing problems (aggression and antisoci al behavior) in their children. There are a lot of empirical supports from longitudinal studies which shows that there is a connection between negative parenting (which involves showing negative emotions toward their kids, rough treatments, or even harshRead MoreDisciplining Your Child Is The Lifestyle, And Parental Guidance3421 Words   |  14 Pageswith society. Although society wants children to be respectful and hold responsibility, some children are being taught by the community to retaliate and be disrespectful towards people. In the United States, the most common forms of discipline are spanking, time-outs, and punishments, which provide parents and children with confirmation, security, and order. Children are easily influenced by behavior, and if you teach your child negative behaviors, they will consume that concept, and it could beRead MoreCorporal Punishment in Children; Right or Wrong2663 Words   |  11 Pages{text:bookmark-start} Corporal Punishment with Children: Right or Wrong {text:bookmark-end} ? How properly to discipline a child is an age old question. Countless numbers of parents have had to make this decision. Many of these parents were raised in homes that used spanking as the main form of discipline. Most people can readily recount each time he, or she received a spanking for an offense, and even remember what kind of instrument was used to inflict the punishment. Whether it was a belt, aRead MoreThe Impact Of Parenting Styles On A Child s Development2645 Words   |  11 PagesMelanie Santos Final Reflection Research Paper PSYC 215 - Dr. Bagshaw The significant impact different parenting styles can have on a child’s development intrigued me and prompted my self reflection of how my immigrant parents parenting practices affected my development. From my experience, I believe immigrant parents are more likely to display authoritarian versus authoritative parenting styles. â€Å"Studies have shown that parents of individualistic cultures (i.e. western cultures) are more likelyRead MoreThe Incident Between Adrian Peterson And His Four Year Old Son From The Son s Perspective2072 Words   |  9 Pagesundeserved pain and suffering. There is disagreement as to whether the problems with physical punishment are problems with frequent and/or harsh punishment or whether problem also exist with infrequent and mild level of punishment. This paper will look at the upbringing of Peterson and the incident and negative effects this incident had on his son. Parents have a wide discretion to administer reasonable punishment of their children. A parent may spank a child who has misbehaved without being liable

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes

Question: Discuss about the Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes. Answer: Introduction: Carla is honest, hardworking, brave, sacrificing, consistent, confident and kind person. Carla maintained her honest relationship with her husband in his down period, even though he left her alone when she required his support more. She is very hardworking, as she never gave up doing job. She faced many obstacles while doing different jobs. Still, she searched new jobs at each time and earned living for herself and her children. Carla is brave because she never left fighting spirit. Carla is very kind to each and every individual she comes across. She accepted each individuals negative characters and behaved positively with each and every person. Carla is ready to sacrifice her personal happiness for the family members. She left eating proper food to save money for the purpose of visiting her daughter. Carla is consistent in her efforts to take her of her family members. Carla is confident because she took care of family on her own. Overall, Carla has all the positive characters. Car las husband is dishonest, opportunistic, introvert and fearful. Carlas husband is dishonest in his relations. He performed his duties for the family, when it suited for him. He didnt take extra efforts to look after his family. He is introvert and didnt open to anybody about his injury. He is fearful because he didnt open to about his injury in the fear of losing his job (Gehlert and Browne, 2011). Social Determinants of Health: Personal, social, economic and environmental factors which affect health of the individual person are called health determinants. In this case study, mainly three social determinants like social factors, individual behavior and biology affects health of different individual in this case study. Carla couldnt get proper education because her family was not educated. Hence, she couldnt get job in the higher position. As, a result she was doing temporary jobs to meet the daily needs of her family. Build environment of the working place for her husband gave him head injury. Build environment is one of the physical components of social factor. Due to this factor, her husband got serious head injury and depression. Public transport is also one of the physical factors responsible for health related issues. Due to high cost of the public transport, Carla couldnt visit her daughter and take care of her. This might lead to further detoriation of health of her daughter. Moreover, as she is pregn ant, it can affect health of infant also (Marmot and Wilkinson, 2005; Toba et al., 2011). As, Carla and her husband were not educated, they couldnt provide proper education to their children. Hence, their socio-economic status of living was low. People living in the low socio-economic level are low in functioning and quality of life. These people are not aware of the importance of hygiene and good health. As these people need to work, despite poor health to earn daily living for the family. It can lead to the further detoriation of the health. Carlas husband also didnt stopped working despite head injury and it resulted in the serious problem for himself and his family also. It is evident from the literature that, people with low socioeconomic status are low in health status. Individual behavior is another social determinant affecting health in this case study. Carlas husband detoriated his health due to his personal behavior like introvert nature. He didnt report his injury due to fear of losing health and resulted in the serious problem. Daughter of Carla was facing health issues due to biological reasons. She is facing gestational diabetes problem. Gestational diabetes is very common problem in the pregnant women and these women should control it otherwise it can affect health of both mother and baby. In this case, Carlas daughter was feeling tired due gestational diabetes and seek help from Carla (Braveman and Gottlieb, 2014; Cowling et al., 2014). Two Strategies to Address the Issue: Social factors of the health determinant should be addressed by the population which gets affected. Individuals of this population should identify the factors affecting their health and try to address on their own, with family members, community workers and social workers. Policy makers, legislators and officials from health department should identify issues and educate the population. They should address these issues through meetings with people and through workshops. Respected figures and well-known personalities of the society should come forward and address these issues. Because these people have good influence on all types people in the society People should be skilled enough to keep away from the unhealthy environment. This knowledge and skills can be developed in the people through community development programmes. There should be communication between the high and low socioeconomic class people. It would help to transfer awareness about the healthy life. Health related issues generally occur due to the multiple factors, hence these issues should be addressed by experts and workers from the different discipline. These collaborative efforts would bring positive changes in the multiple sectors and there would be overall improvement in the health of the whole population. Government and Non-Government organizations should come forward to improve health awareness among the people (WHO, 2010; Raphael, 2014). Addressing upstream social determinants of health : There should be knowledge about the building so that it would not affect health of the people. People should form self-help group for cleanliness of the environment, maintain hygiene, adequate food and supply of good water. Policies required for the improvement in the community health and development should be implemented effectively. Barriers for accessing health facilities should be improved. There should be equal distribution about the health care education among all classes of people. There should be preventive measures taken from the health department to prevent communicable diseases. Education should be provided to protect people from hazards in the workplace and society (Tengland, 2012; Cowling et al., 2014). Healthcare professional should give education to the people about maintaining hygiene condition and healthy food. Healthcare professional also should work towards the community safety. Healthcare professional should work towards the easy availability and accessibility of medicine to the all classes of people. Health professional also should advise community people to do exercise for healthy living. Healthcare professionals should carry out survey about the community health issues and implement strategies to address these issues. Healthcare professionals should guide the policy makers about the policies to be implemented for the improvement in the social and community health services. Healthcare professionals should advocate pro-health policies like maintenance policies, education policies, employment policies, compensation policies and tax policies. Healthcare professionals should use audio and video media effectively to address the health issues and make aware people about healthy l iving. There should be incorporation of social determinants in the medical curricula. It should comprises of population and community health coursework along with the clinical science. Healthcare professionals should address social determinants of health at both individual and population level. Healthcare professionals should collaborate with other allied health professionals, government agencies, community workers and social workers. Every hospital should designate a specialist person to address the social determinants of the health (Schofield, 2015). References: Braveman, P., and Gottlieb, L. (2014). The Social Determinants of Health: It's Time to Consider the Causes of the Causes. Public Health Reports, 129(2), 1931. Cowling, K., Dandona, R., and Dandona, L., (2014). Social determinants of health in India: progress and inequities across states. International Journal for Equity in Health, 13, p. 88. Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R. (2005). Social Determinants of Health. OUP Oxford. Gehlert, S., and Browne, T. (2011). Handbook of Health Social Work. John Wiley Sons. Raphael, D. (2014). Beyond policy analysis: The raw politics behind opposition to healthy public policy. Health Promotion International, 30, 38096. Schofield, T., (2015). A Sociological Approach to Health Determinants. Cambridge University Press. Toba, B., Dennis, R., Ted, S., and Ronald, L. (2011). Canada: A land of missed opportunity for addressing the social determinants of health. Health Policy, 101(1), pp. 4458. Tengland, P.A. (2012). Behavior Change or Empowerment: On the Ethics of Health-Promotion Strategies. Public Health Ethics, 5(2), pp. 14053. World Health Organization. (2010). Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes. World Health Organization.

Tuesday, April 14, 2020

International Law is not really law

International law entails principles and rules that govern relations among countries, individuals, and organisations. It also has public international law that deals specifically with rights among different states and various citizens of different states. On the other hand, private international law looks at disputes among private individuals, natural or juridical, which occur among parties of different nations. In some cases, the line between public and private international laws has become unclear.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Law is not really law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australia operates under the federal system of laws. This makes its relation to international law a complex affair. Enforcement of international law in Australia has met challenges. However, we must understand that enforcement alone does not determine the extent of what the term law means. This is because, in some cas es, domestic laws may also be unenforceable. In the recent case of Jenton Overseas Investment Pte Ltd v Townsing [2008] VSC 470 (11 November 2008), the Supreme Court of Victoria offered an essential observation of how the uses Foreign Judgement Act 1991 may affect enforcement of international law.1 The Judge turned down an application from a foreign country (Singapore). He observed that Australian courts are reluctant to invoke public policy as an avenue for refusing enforcement or recognition of foreign judgement. Australian courts have not recognised or enforced foreign judgement on this basis. The main reason is the â€Å"interest of comity’ to maintain† (mutual respect among sovereign states) (Foreign Judgment Act 1991). This happens when courts observe the Foreign Judgment Act. In this regard, enforcement and registration are only relevant on the grounds that are ‘significant reciprocity of treatment’ of Australian judgement in a foreign country. The courts also observe this because of public policy volatility. In this sense, a repugnant law may exist or repugnant applications of such laws may occur; thus, offending public policy. However, such cases only occur in crucial cases where there are offenses of laws of Australia public policy. Despite such challenges, Australia wants to enhance enforcement of international law. This is an attempt to understand various laws from different nations, legal procedures, and institutions in areas of international laws. Australia planned to enhance this approach through establishing institutions, training, and legal exchanges. In the international front, Australia has signed several treaties relating to international law on areas of social security, trade, shipping, security, non-proliferation, and defence among others. These treaties form the basis of international law. However, the country experiences challenges in enforcing such laws due to its federal system.Advertising Looking for e ssay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The federal system provides an opportunity for opposing parties to opt for arbitral laws instead of relying on Model Law based on the International Commercial Arbitration of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). This is a significant source of challenge to application of international law in Australia where various laws of different nations interact. Another source of a challenge lies in the appeal or review powers of different states with regard to Commercial Arbitration Acts. Recent trends also indicate the process is litigious and reflect those of court processes. These technical issues make application of international law in Australia difficult. In 2009, the federal government of Australia has realised such technical, legal challenges and consequently introduced a bill so as to change the relevance of international law in the countr y.2 This bill seeks to repeal section 21 of the International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth). The section has allowed parties to disregard application of Model Law. The bill also seeks to repeal loophole that allow parties to â€Å"nominate an alternative arbitral tribunal† under the International Commercial Arbitration in Australia. This implies that State and Territory laws shall only operate in the domestic cases. This bill shall transform the relevance of international law in Australia as it seeks to eliminate legal challenges that arise from the federal system. The process has also not been so efficient in Australia such as in the area of confidentiality. International law requires states to comply with certain conditions in enforcement with regard to individuals. Thus, it is an offence for a nation to treat a foreigner in a way that violates provisions of the international law. The challenge lies in lack of a relevant agreement that a foreigner can use to complain before th e international tribunal. However, a country can raise such issues. Nations are not under any obligation to enforce such rights. This implies a nation can choose to enforce or not to enforce such law. Such observations lead scholars to conclude that international law is never a law. This is because countries which formulate such international law, through treaties and conventions, do not recognise or treat international law as law in their countries.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on International Law is not really law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite such challenges to international law, we must recognise that the law is applicable and works in all states. Nations must recognise it, and adhere to set benchmarks. In this regard, Australia has recognised its relevancy in areas of peace, development, human rights, and democracy. Australia must comply with such international law so as to safe its self-interes t and on the ground of reciprocity. We can argue â€Å"that the Commonwealth only enters into an international obligation because doing so is relevant, therefore, important to the advancement of the interests of Australia†.3 This is so because Australia needs to address matters of international cooperation and of common concerns. In case Australia fails to fulfil needs of international law, it becomes an issue of international interest and disapproval. In this context, most states observe international law even if such observations are mundane in nature, and have less impact relative to national law. This also explains why Australian lawyers practice international law before domestic courts.4 We cannot ignore functions of courts in enforcement of laws. Australian courts are important in facilitating enactment and enforcement of international law. Thus, Australian courts should not be hostile in enforcement of international law through facilitation, interpretation, and impleme ntation, but should harmonise its law with those of other countries. Other jurisdictions may have high regards of judgements of Australian courts; thus, enhancing enforcement of international law. The sources and evidence of international law Decisions of the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC) in cases brought by individuals against Argentina, France and Gabon involving Article 17 issues Article 17 No one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation (UN HCR 1988). Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks (UN HCR 1988). The UN Human Rights Committee (HRC) has Counter-Terrorism Strategy that the General Assembly has recognised in the resolution of 64/297. According to the UN, states terrorist acts can destroy human rights, democracy, and freedom. In addition, such measure may violate or prejudice the rule of law a nd human rights. Thus, observing human rights can address factors responsible for the spread of terrorism. Still, effective counter-terrorism acts and human rights protection are necessary for combating terrorism. As a result, the HRC has â€Å"ten best practices† for combating terrorism. According to HCR, ‘best practices’ reflect legal and institutional provisions that enhance promotion and protection of human rights and the law in all various cases of counter-terrorism.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Best practices also cover benchmarks of the international law, human rights, and all aspects of a country’s legally binding conditions. Best practices can be existing, emerging, required, and recommended among international bodies and domestic courts. Such practices must also relate and promote effective fight against terrorism. Best practices must also comply with human rights, enhance the enjoyment of human rights, and fundamental freedom.5 A UN General Assembly resolution on the right to privacy A UN General Assembly resolution on the right to privacy indicated that International human rights law condoned invasion of privacy where it was mandatory for legal reasons, and performed with agreeable dignity. For instance, in the US (United States v United States District Court, 1972), the Supreme Court ruled that it was illegal to carry out surveillance of a US citizen without a warrant even if the operation benefits a nation’s national security. However, in reference to ICCPR Article 17, invading individual’s privacy without a warrant is tantamount to interference with an individual’s privacy the law does not allow; thus, such actions are unlawful. A general comment by the UN HRC on Article 17 A general comment by the UN HRC on Article 17 is in General Comment No. 16 (04/08/1988). It has provisions on the right to â€Å"respect of privacy, family, home and correspondence, and protection of honour and reputation† (UN HCR 1988). It protects people against unauthorised or arbitrary interference with individual privacy from the state or other bodies. In this context, every country should uphold the UN HRC provision whether such interferences originate from the state, lawyers, or natural persons. Therefore, countries should enact laws that guard against such interferences so as to protect individual rights. A decision of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which upheld the compatibility of their law with international human rights st andards A decision of the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which upheld the compatibility of their laws with international human rights standards rely on the provision of the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. New Zealand observes that such laws have same provisions as those of the Australia law of statutory interpretation. This also applies to Section III of the British Act that needs the court to interpret the law in a way that is compatible with Convention rights. There may be ambiguity in interpretation, but the jurisprudence in New Zealand can provide guidance, in the use of the common legislation in Australia. An article written by Professor George Williams, a leading expert on anti-terror laws Professor George Williams, a leading expert on anti-terror laws, observed that Australia passed several anti-terror laws after the 9/11 attacks. The country passed at least one anti-terrorism law after every seven weeks. The Professor observed †It would be unthinkable, if not const itutionally impossible, in nations such as the United States and Canada to restrict freedom of speech in the manner achieved by Australia’s 2005 sedition laws†.6 At the same time, Australia also empowered ASIO to detain and interrogate â€Å"non-suspect citizens† for a period of one week. He notes that such approach to anti-terrorism was unique among Australia comparable legal systems. In addition, the country’s Federal Parliamentary committee on intelligence and security also embarked on a mission of reviewing over 40 proposals that seek to increase the country’s intelligence-gathering power. On his view, such tough anti-terrorism laws were unnecessary and draconian. A report published by Human Rights Watch examining New Zealand’s anti-terrorism laws and their compliance with international human rights standards A report published by Human Rights Watch examining New Zealand’s anti-terrorism laws and their compliance with international human rights standards (2010) showed that national security (counterterrorism) measures impacted on the enjoyment of human rights. For instance, in 2007, the police used heavy-handed tactics to arrest suspected terrorists (Maori Terrorism suspects). In this regard, New Zealand has recognised that it has a different constitution from the rest of the world, but was working to enhance provisions of human rights both nationally and internationally. These rights are in the Human Rights Act 1993, and New Zealand Bill of Rights Act of 1990. In 2009, the country noted that provision of human rights was mandatory so as to enhance the country’s credibility and promotes its international reputation. The US had criticised New Zealand for weak counter-terrorism law. In this regard, the country decided to toughen its anti-terrorism law. The Terrorism Suppression Act 2002, according to New Zealand’s Solicitor General was incomprehensible. This means the Court could not prefer terror ism charges against the accused. This is a clear violation of human rights. However, the state still maintained some charges related possession of illegal firearms and grouping among others. In 2010, the state had â€Å"Urewera 18† in custody awaiting trials. This is after three years since the court charged them. In this case, the Appeal Court of New Zealand ruled that the â€Å"Urewera 18† were to face trial without a jury. No one knows the reasons behind such decisions. The police faced criticism for such arrests, but it tries to maintain its dignity through insisting that such suspects must face trial related to organised crimes. Bibliography International Arbitration Amendment Bill 2009 (Cth). Jenton Overseas Investment Pte Ltd v Townsing [2008] VSC 470. Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen [1982] HCA 27 [13]. Law Society of New South Wales (Young Lawyers), The Practitioner’s Guide to International Law (New South Wales Young Lawyers International Law Committee, 2010) . United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/16/51, [22 December 2010]. Williams, George, ‘A Decade of Australian Anti-Terror Laws’ (2011) 35 Melbourne University Law Review 1137-1175. Footnotes 1 Jenton Overseas Investment Pte Ltd v Townsing [2008] VSC 470. 2 International Arbitration Amendment Bill 2009 (Cth). 3 Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen [1982] HCA 27 [13]. 4 Law Society of New South Wales (Young Lawyers), The Practitioner’s Guide to International Law (New South Wales Young Lawyers International Law Committee, 2010). 5 United Nations Human Rights Council, A/HRC/16/51, [2010] 6 George Williams, ‘A Decade of Australian Anti-Terror Laws’ (2011) 35 Melbourne University Law Review 1137-1175 This essay on International Law is not really law was written and submitted by user Jonathon Mccall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wednesday, March 11, 2020

Eurasian Milfoil essays

Eurasian Milfoil essays We have the right to swim, fish, water ski and boat in most of the lakes in Minnesota. We have heard for years that in order to keep our lakes beautiful, we must all take responsibility in keeping them clean. We know not to put garbage in the lakes, but how many of us know about the garbage we should not take out of the lakes? Eurasian watermilfoil is a particularly problematic exotic aquatic weed in North America, due to its ability to reproduce from fragments and spread rapidly. It also has a high growth rate in a range of temperatures and environmental conditions. Its tendency to reach the surface and form extensive mats of plant at the surface can allow it to shade and out compete native vegetation. Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) is recognized primarily by its whorls of four feather-like leaves around the stems. Each leaf is finely divided into paired leaflets, typically 12 to 21 pairs per leaf. The number of stems per plant increases as the plant ages. Each individual stem branches several times as it nears the water surface. Dense Eurasian watermilfoil beds usually occur in water between 3 and 12 feet deep, although specimens have been found in up to 30 feet of water. The tops of the milfoil plants, both stems and leaves, often turn red in color. The species is perennial, initiating new growth from over wintering root material each spring. Milfoil is believed to spread from one body of water to another primarily by the introduction of plant fragments. Fragmentation is the principal means of reproduction in this species. A milfoil fragment only a few inches long can form roots and grow into a new plant. Milfoil fragments are most abundant during mid-to-late summer, but can be transported from a lake year round. The second traditional method of reproduction is through asexual reproduction. The mother plant forms underground runners that develop into other plants. These new plants will separat...

Monday, February 24, 2020

Anti-Social Personality Disorder Research Paper

Anti-Social Personality Disorder - Research Paper Example Its treatment includes cognitive behavioral therapy, risperidone, home visiting programs, and skill based programs. In applying the religious and spiritual applications of this disorder, it is possible to apply a more holistic assessment of the disorder, especially for those who consider spiritual and religious beliefs as essential elements to their full recovery. Anti-Social Personality Disorder I. Introduction Antisocial personality disorder is one of the disorders diagnosed by the DSM-IV or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders as personality disorders. This disorder is largely based on manifestations of personality – personalities which deviate from the normal physiological and mental functions of individuals. The DSM-IV discusses the following criteria for qualifying antisocial personality disorder: evidence of conduct disorder before the age of 15; pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others since the age of 15, manifesting with atle ast three of the following behavior: failure to conform to social norms in relation to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors, indicated by repeated acts meriting arrest; deceitfulness, marked by repeated lying, use of aliases, tricking others to gain profit or pleasure; impulsiveness; irritability and aggressiveness, with repeated physical fights; reckless disregard for safety of others and of self; consistent irresponsibility, marked by repeated failure to sustain work behavior or honor financial responsibilities; lack of remorse marked by indifference, rationalizing being hurt or mistreated by another (Ogloff, 2006). They are also likely to use aggression and deception to promote their personal interests and to basically get what they want (Porter and Woodworth, 2007). This paper shall discuss the disease in its historical context, as well as current research on its causes. It shall discuss the treatment approaches for this disorder, including the benefits of such treatmen t. It shall also consider research as to the prevention of this illness as well as cross cultural issues pertaining to the topic. Finally, it shall discuss the topic from a Christian worldview perspective, including the disorder’s cause, treatment, and prevention. This topic is being considered with the hope of establishing a clear and comprehensive assessment of the subject matter. II. Historical context In a discussion by Million, et.al., (as cited by Ogloff, 2006), the author set forth that psychopathy is one of the first personality disorders to be recognized in the field of psychiatry. Psychopathy originally referred to personality disorders seen as extreme forms of normal personalities. Practitioners have debated conditions characterized by antisocial behavior with the term manie sans delire coined in the 1700s to specify behavior from humans whose affective faculties have been discredited; critics point out however that it is a term which was useful only in court (Oglo ff, 2006). Throughout the years, various labels have been considered for the condition which has now been known simply as psychopathy. These labels included moral insanity, moral imbecility, degenerative constitution, and psychopathic taint. In the current context, antisocial personality disorder is applied in a much broader context than psychopathy;

Saturday, February 8, 2020

Management theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Management theories - Essay Example While managers administer, depend on control and focus on organizational systems and structure, leaders innovate, inspire trust and focus on individuals in an organization. In addition, managers and leaders differ greatly in that leaders have individuals following them whereas managers have individuals working for them. Moreover, leaders tend to be brilliant and charismatic, like taking risks, visionary and creative among others. They use non-coercive form of influence to make individuals achieve certain goals (Bertocci 2009, p.7). In contrast, managers are rational, problem solvers, and in most cases, they focus on organizational goals, structures, personnel as well as the availability of resources. Mostly, managers make use of formal and rational method when organizing people while leaders use passion and stirs emotions when dealing with their subordinates. Managers have to deal with complex issues in an organization like setting standards for development, developing action plans, and effectively using available resource (Klein 2007, p.2). Moreover, the effectiveness of leaders is determined by the accomplishment of goals while managers’ effec tiveness is determined by results like profit margins (Bertocci 2009, p.9). Nevertheless, leaders and managers approach to tasks differently, that is, leaders look at the problem and come up with creative solutions. Their charisma and dedications helps them to motivate employees to do their best and to effectively solve any problem arising. In contrast, managers establish strategies to form teams and combine ideas to come up with appropriate solution to any problem. They encourage their subordinates to share their views in order to reduce inherent risk and promote success. Accordingly, they both have different approaches to risk in that as leaders are risk takers, managers are risk averse. More so, leaders are the facilitators when decisions are made while managers are involved

Wednesday, January 29, 2020

The economic downturn Essay Example for Free

The economic downturn Essay A. Analysis The economic downturn across the United States caused a decrease in funding to performing arts. Thus a proposal to merge the Utah Symphony and Utah Opera companies was made. There have been very few mergers of this type in history. In 1963 the Madison Symphony Orchestra and Madison Opera merged. Also, in 1985, the Chattanooga Opera and Chattanooga Symphony combined. These entities remained combined for a period of time, but ultimately disbanded due to ideologies and methodologies that differed. The Utah Symphony and Utah Opera merger discussion began in December 2001. The cultures of both entities are very different and divergent. This leads to a process to unite the two companies that is a challenging process. A1. Bill Bailey Mr. Bailey’s position is to survive the economic downturn and reduced funding currently affecting the performing arts. He holds the position of board chairman for the Utah Opera Organization. Maslow’s hierarchy of need can help Mr. Bailey influence the behavior of those involved in both organizations by appealing to their interests. Human beings have biological and psychological needs. Biological needs are those needed to survive such as food and sleep. Psychological needs are those that provide positive reinforcement to that individual, such as, success and love. Maslow’s hierarchy of need address the physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualization needed to influence human behavior on a basic level (Tay Deiner, 2011). Physiological needs address the desire to find human comfort and reasonable conditions. Safety needs, in regards to work, lead an individual to seek opportunities that provide job security, reasonable compensation, and work conditions that are safe. The love need leads individuals to seek out co-workers to bond with and provide positive daily interactions. The esteem need provides individuals with positive reinforcement and seek job challenges and promotions to help provide this reinforcement. Finally, the self-actualization need provides the individual  the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes and more challenging tasks that may arise. Leaders to motivate individuals can utilize a basic level of Maslow’s hierarchy. The Utah Opera and Utah Symphony both want to continue performing. The economic downturn has affected both entities and Mr. Bailey could appeal to the employees through use of Maslow’s hierarchy. The safety need can be met through continued job security, compensation, and work conditions should a merger go through. The love need or social need could be appealed upon through the use of the same leaders after the merger progresses. The performers would also have the same peers as before and would expand this peer group. The artistic expression and excellence could be preserved through employment of the same artistic leaders post-merger. This would also help with the self-actualization need, since positive reinforcement would be generated for the members of the musical companies. They would have been involved in the decision-making process and the ideals of keeping leaders that had previously been employed by the entities. This would help the musicians remain autonomy and actively seek challenges out to continue with motivation in the self-actualization arena. A2. Scott Parker Mr. Parker is the board chairman of the Utah Symphony. His position is to also survive the economic downturn affecting the performing arts. Mr. Parker must find supporters that are influential and willing to support the merger with the Utah Opera. Mr. Parker has one influential patron who is not willing to lend support for the merger. Mrs. Abravenal does not want the Utah Symphony to lose the prestige that it has found, especially since her husband, Maurice, was maestro of the Utah Symphony for 32 years. Mr. Parker can utilize Alderfer’s ERG Theory for motivation. The ERG Theory steps do not rely on each other to work. The ERG Theory consists of 3 distinct parts: existence, relatedness, and growth (Steel Konig, 2006). The existence needs are the desire for physiological well-being. The relatedness needs are the desire to develop relationships with others is meaningful. The growth needs are the desire to reach an individual’s full potential. The ERG Theory need for exis tence and the desire for physiological well being is the main motivator under this theory. A merger  would help the symphony maintain in existence, since they are financially unstable at this time. Mrs. Abravenal can be educated that support from opera supporters will help keep resources available that are not currently available when the entities are separated. The ERG Theory for relatedness need will be a second motivator under this theory. The human desire for meaningful relationships will provide positive reinforcement to those involved. The supporters of both companies do not want to see them fail and disappear. The passion of the supporters can be utilized and capitalized upon to create a relationship between the two companies. Finally, the ERG Theory for growth needs can provide positive reinforcement for both companies during the merger proposal. The companies are failing separately, but together they could flourish. Resources would be combined and supporters for both would be involved in the growth processes. Mrs. Abravenal could continue her husband’s vision and help keep the symphony alive and flourishing. A3. Power The future CEO of the combine entities is Anne Ewers. She has both positional power and personal power. She has formal positional power and has the authority to get things accomplished. Ms. Ewers has a legitimate leader role and expects her orders to be complied with. Positive legitimate power involves influencing others to effectively work better whereas negative legitimate power influences others to follow directions due to intimidation or fear of consequences. Ms. Ewers also has referent power. Referent power is the charisma an individual has from his or her own personality (Krietner Kinichki, 2010). Effective leaders have charisma that include positional and referent powers. Effectively using the powers together would allow Ms. Ewers to inspire through her own personality and lead by authority. A3a. Positional Power Ms. Ewers has a proven record in strengthening finances within an organization. She has been a proven and successful leader for many years within the industry. The following examples are characteristics important in positional power: * Centrality – Ms. Ewers would need to establish communication roles between the symphony and the opera. The central role would be important in the chain of command, since she would control the flow  of information to both entities. * Flexibility – Ms. Ewers would need to be able to adapt to frequently to the work environment. She must be ready to be diverse and produce unique ideas regarding the merger. * Visibility – Ms. Ewers must minimize the negative press surrounding the merger. She must capitalize on positive news regarding the merger and be available to communicate the information to the interested parties. Ms. Ewers must be open and available to those who have a vested interest in the company’s merger. * Relevance – Ms. Ewers must be able to provide accurate information that is relevant to the company’s needs. She must be able to communicate with staff to procure the required information from both companies and prioritize the goal and tasks for both. This should also include integration of the goals and tasks of the merger as well. A3b. Personal Power Ms. Ewers will need to use her referent power to influence those involved in the merger. She will need to gain support from Mr. Lockhart to help influence the merger. Ms. Ewers has a proven record of reducing financial obligation of organizations. She can work with Mr. Lockhart, who has the support of the symphony, to help everyone see the benefits of the merger. Ms. Ewers and Mr. Lockhart can be co-leaders during the merger process. This would help decrease the opposition from the musicians currently seen. A4. Organizational Performance The musicians for the symphony and orchestra have contracts that were hard fought for. A merger would challenge these agreements and the musicians are concerned they would lose their livelihood and artistic autonomy. Thus, a merger is not viewed positively. The symphony and orchestra both have different cultures. They are both run differently and have different expectations. It is clear they cannot be organized into one entity for simplicity. However, this causes potential issues. For instance, if donations were placed in a singular account for both organizations this could cause resentment among the musicians. Also, the musicians may not like answering to one governing board. This could lead to feeling unappreciated and resentment. However, should there be two governing boards, both sides would be represented equally and the musicians would feel  less resentment and more musical autonomy. The biggest challenge would be among pay for the musicians. The musicians for both entities must be paid competitively and fairly. Options for non-salaried positions may be a viable idea. The organizations must be committed to remain impartial and fair during the merger to reduce any animosity. A4a. Recommendations Christine Osborne is the chairwoman for the musicians and has presented their guiding principles to Ms. Ewers. The musician support is important to the organization during the merger. The musicians are dependent upon Ms. Ewers and Mr. Lockhart to become the future leaders within the new organization. Ms. Ewers is an authority in the industry and is the future CEO. Ms. Ewers has a proven record of reducing financial liability within organizations in the industry. She has the power to combine the organizations and utilize a singular vision for excellence in financial and artistic realms. She can use the guiding principles set forth by the musicians to demonstrate her desire to see the organization succeed. Ms. Ewers must first use her referent power to influence the leaders of the Utah Symphony and Utah Opera. She will be the future CEO of the newly formed organization and must demonstrate her vision for the future. This will hopefully provide sufficient motivation to gather support from both entities. Her referent power and vision must continue to provide a passion to the individual management team within the new organization. Ms. Ewer’s passion should extend to all involved and continue within the organization. This passion created within the organization can help develop self-actualization and esteem within all involved. Next, Ms. Ewer will need to focus on the financial stability of the new organization. The economic downturn has decreased the funding to the performing arts. Ms. Ewer will need to address the decreased funding and find additional funding through different avenues. Ms. Ewer is experienced in fund-raising and will be able to promote the organization via this avenue. Also, performer salaries will need to be revised. The musicians have a current agreement in place, but with the merger this would need to be renegotiated. A challenge Ms. Ewer will face is a decrease in salary for the musicians, but she may be able to effectively place emphasis on the new organization and the musicians desire to see it continue, instead of the old organization failing all together.  Finally, Ms. Ewer must put together a management team that will be empowered during the merger. This team must be trustworthy and desire to see the new organization succeed. Ms. Ewer must empower this team to remain pro-active during the merger and to promote the interest of the new organization. A5. Influence Tactics Leaders to promote new ideas often use rational persuasion. Rational persuasion relies on knowledge, reason and facts to encourage someone to follow or endorse an idea (Krietner Kinichki, 2010). Consultation influence is another tactic which allows individuals involved to participate in the decision making process. This gives everyone involved empowerment within the process. Ms. Ewer can utilize consultation influence to involve the musicians in the decision making process and provide empowerment throughout the merger. The decision making process can be enhanced through rationale persuasion. Ms. Ewer can provide background information on both entities and the precarious financial position both faces. This will provide necessary information to rationalize why a merger would be beneficial to both entities. The information provided can be including Ms. Ewer’s vision for the future of the new organization. Ms. Ewer would provide the information necessary to make an informed decision and empower them throughout the merger process. Conclusion The merger between Utah Symphony and Utah Opera requires key individuals be in place that have the knowledge and skills to make it successful. The two boards will need to be pro-active and back leaders Ms. Ewers and Mr. Lockhart. The task will be far from easy, but if prioritized and a determination and passion are unified then the task will be much easier to attain. References Kreitner, R., Kinicke, A. (2010). Organizational Behavior. 9th Ed., McGraw-Hill Irwin, New York, NY. Steel, P. Konig,C. (2006). Integrating theories of motivation. Academy of Management Review 31: 889–91 Tay, L. Diener, E. (2011). Needs and subjective well-being around the world. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(2), 354–365.

Tuesday, January 21, 2020

History, Race, and Violence in the Arena of Reproduction Enslavement. :: Essays Papers

History, Race, and Violence in the Arena of Reproduction Enslavement. In 1997, Dorothy Roberts wrote a salient book titled Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty. Roberts explicates the crusade to punish Black women—especially the destitute—for having children. The exploitation of Black women in the U.S. began in the days of slavery and, appropriately enough, Roberts introduces her first chapter with an illustrative story: When Rose Williams was sixteen years old, her master sent her to live in a cabin with a male slave named Rufus. It did not matter that Rose disliked Rufus "cause he a bully." At first Rose thought that her role was just to perform household chores for Rufus and a few other slaves. But she learned the true nature of her assignment when Rufus crawled into her bunk one night: "I says , ‘What you means, you fool nigger?' He say for me to hush de mouth. ‘Dis my bunk, too,' he say." When Rose fended off Rufus's sexual advances with a poker, she was reported to Master Hawkins. Hawkins made it clear that she had no choice in the matter: De nex' day de massa call me and tell me, "Woman, I's pay big money for you,and I's done dat for de cause I wants yous to raise me chillens. I's put you to live with Rufus for dat purpose. Now, if you doesn't want whippin' at de stake, yous do what I wants. Rose reluctantly acceded to her master's demands: I thinks ‘bout massa buyin' me offen de block and savin' me from bein' sep'rated from my folks and ‘bout bein' whipped at de stake. Dere it am. What am I's to do? So I ‘cides to do as de massa wish and so I yields. The story of control of Black reproduction begins with the experiences of slave women like Rose Williams. Black procreation helped to sustain slavery, giving slave masters an economic incentive to govern Black women's reproductive lives. Slave women's childbearing replenished the enslaved labor force: Black women bore children who belonged to the slaveowner from the moment of their conception. This feature of slavery made control of reproduction a central aspect of white's subjugation of African people in America. It marked Black women from the beginning as objects whose decisions about reproduction should be subject to social regulation rather than to their own will. (22-23) Once slavery was abolished Black people no longer had to worry about their children being the property of slaveowners, or anyone else.

Monday, January 13, 2020

Importance of Margins Essay

In the short essay â€Å"In Praise of Margins† Ian Frazier defines marginal people, places, or activities as â€Å"†¦ the ones that don’t quite work out† (58 Frazier) since they are insufficient to meet the standards of the economic world. However, Frazier shows he values marginal activities and places because they allow people to be themselves without the worry and judgment. For Frazier and his friends, they viewed â€Å"The woods† (56 Frazier) as their place of margin Often times society deems marginal behavior to be unbeneficial, but Frazier states â€Å"..marginal behavior can be the most important kind.†(58 Frazier) because every purpose-filled activity starts off as a margin. Nonetheless, it is crucial for marginal things to exist as they provide many benefits and play an important role in the world we live in today. Living in a society where we are constantly being told what to do , marginal activities are necessary because they can allow oneself to discover what one’s true passion is without any other influences. For example, in Annie Dillard’s â€Å"Hitting Pay Dirt† she describes the time she received a microscope kit, as a Christmas present, which she played with constantly in her basement. In the beginning, Dillard is unable to use her microscope properly, but ultimately succeeds as she sees an amoeba. Excited about what she had discovered, she immediately runs upstairs to show her parents; however, both of her parents are uninterested to what had seemed like â€Å"..a chance of a lifetime.†(95 Dillard) to Dillard. As a result, she then begins to realize that every individual has their own pursuits and â€Å"†¦that you do what you do out of your private passion for the thing itself.†(95 Dillard). Dillard explains that †[Her] days and nights were [her] own to plan and fill.†(96 Dillard) and her passions were her own and not her parents. In a world where everything is constantly evolving and expanding , margins are much needed as they are the sole reason that helps the world continue to progress. Frazier states that â€Å"†¦ marginal behavior can be the most important kind.†(Frazier 58) because it allows one to attempt new and different concepts without the needed approval of anyone else. In many cases, ideas start off as â€Å"marginal† theories, but later on can be  acknowledged as something greater. Especially in a society where we demand things frequently, we often expect immediate results, thus making marginality difficult to understand for many. For instance, Frazier uses the first person who decided to ride down a mountain trail with his bicycle as an example of someone who started off thinking he was doing a â€Å"†¦decidedly marginal thing.† (58 Frazier). However, this mountain biker’s mere â€Å"marginal† idea has become a widely known sport across the nation. Ultimately, without marginal activity the world would be unable to grow; margins are extremely important as they keep life exciting and new. In the midst of everyday busy life, one is in need of marginal things every once in a while for the purpose of sanity. Marginal things essentially allow one to relieve stress by escaping the continuous demands of society, thus enabling many to obtain a peaceful state of mind. Frazier defines marginal activities as a â€Å"higher sort of un-purpose†(57 Frazier) as marginal activities can be viewed as useless, and yet can mean so much to a each different individual. For example, Frazier and his friends find their marginal place in â€Å"The woods†(56 Frazier) since it was a location they were able to do senseless activities just for the sake of it. The woods was almost like a sanctuary to Frazier; it was a place where he was able to escape from the judgments of the outside world and the pressure of impressing anyone else. In essence, taking a break from the daily norm with marginal things prevents individuals from going insane. Altogether, according to Frazier, â€Å"marginal† places and activities should be valued as they can provide numerous benefits to not only society, but to oneself. Marginal things allow many to truly find what their passion lies in, since marginal activities are not forced upon by any other influences. In addition, marginal behavior essentially keeps our world spinning as it brings new ideas that seem to have no purpose, but later on can bring something great. Lastly, often times, one is blinded by the mentality that everything one does must have a purpose, therefore disabling one to realize the importance of marginal things as they keep us at peace. All in all, marginal things may seem worthless, but the only reason as to why they might be viewed in that sense is because of the perspective society views marginal  activities.

Sunday, January 5, 2020

The Declaration Of Independence The United States

The Document that Lead to Freedom America is known by people all over the world as a country that firmly believes that everyone has the rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. This however was not always the case for the United States. It was once ruled by King George III, and the American people were under the control of the British Parliament. It is what the founding fathers of our country fought for, that made it possible for the United States to be what our country is today. This was only possible by their bravery and the creation of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was a document that was written by Thomas Jefferson, who was 33 years old at the time. Only a few changes were made by†¦show more content†¦Eventually The Stamp Act of 1765 would be removed. The victory of the removal of the Stamped Act was short-lived. The next reason why the American Colonist Declared Independence was when the British had imposed tax on tea, wh ich angered the Bostonians. On December 16, 1773, a group of men dressed up as Indians, boarded the merchant ships in the Boston Harbor and dumped tea overboard. This act became known as The Boston Tea Party (Krensky 15). This did not sit well with Britain. Britain, in retaliation, closed the Port of Boston, until the Bostonians paid off the amount of tea wasted, causing economic distress, which later became known as the Coercive Acts of 1774 (Nardo21). The British Parliament wanted to use Boston as an example and keep the other 12 Colonist from acting out against the British Parliament. This, however, had the opposite effect. The American Colonist had united in the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia in September 1774, where all colonies, except for Georgia, declared their rights and grievances against the British, in hopes that their voice would be listen to. King George did not listen (Nardo22). That led to The Second Continental Congress. The American Colonist sent King G eorge a list of grievances called the Olive Branch Petition. King George responded by sending an army of about 20,000 to end what he called, â€Å"open and avowed rebellion.† (Johnston40).